United States Sports Academy - "America's Sports University"

Abstract

The
concept of leadership has gained a large amount of attention
in recent years. This paper investigated the relationships
between transformational leadership and organizational effectiveness
in the field of recreational sport and leisure. First, it
reviewed a discussion on the problem of organizational leadership
from the perspective of the transactional-transformational
model, particularly the arguments of researchers such as Burns
and Bass. It examined the components of transformational leadership,
then investigated several approaches regarding the conceptualization
and measurement of organizational effectiveness. Finally,
it looked at the controversy concerning the impact of transformational
leadership upon organizational effectiveness. It argued that
greater transformational leadership seems to be at least indirectly
related to a higher degree of organizational effectiveness.

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INTRODUCTION

In
this paper, we describe a study in which we investigate attitudes
held by student-athletes and non-athlete students towards
academic and athletic success. Athletic success is largely
viewed in the United States as a vehicle for disadvantaged
students to attain higher education. Most colleges and universities
in the U.S. have admittance programs in which a designated
percent of students who do not meet standard admissions criteria
are allowed to enroll. According to the National Collegiate
Athletic Association (1995), about 3% of all students enter
college under these programs. However, more than 20% of college
football and basketball players enter universities under special
admittance programs (Lapchick 1995). Thus, athletic prowess
may allow for an increased opportunity for education.

Introduction

Athletics
and the administration of athletics at the collegiate level
are undergoing a continual metamorphosis. No longer is athletics
seen as just "fun and games" for the entertainment
of fans. Nor can it be considered only big business, making
large amounts of money for the sponsoring institution. It
has become a combination of the two, entertainment and business,
all within the structure and mission of higher education.

Abstract

In
this study, the effects of physical exercise to eliminate
the anxiety in university youth was investigated. The study
covered 311 students who had never involved in physical exercise
or any form of physical exercise. They were from 7 different
departments of Education Faculty of Konya Selçuk University.
State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) by Spielberger was applied
to the students. The first 60 who had the highest anxiety
scores were determined. Half of 60(30 student) participated
in physical exercise while the other 30 were accepted as the
control group. Pre, mid and post-test were administered to
both the test and control group. Results were estimated by
ANOVA. As a result ; the anxiety level of female students
was found to be higher comparison to males' depending upon
the gender. In addition, the results also showed that participation
physical exercise and physical activities decreased the anxiety
level of both sexes. According to the age, a similar level
of anxiety was seen at the beginning. It appeared that these
activities had a reduction in anxiety levels of all age categories.
The reduction mentioned above was found highest in 19-20 age
group. According to fields, the physical exercise activities
played a very important role in minimizing the anxiety. This
effect was the most reliable on the students of music department.
As a result, it has been concluded that physical exercise
activities played a very notable role to eliminate anxiety
of the university youth.